1   /*
2    * %W% %E%
3    *
4    * Copyright (c) 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
5    * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
6    */
7   
8   package java.util;
9   
10  /**
11   * The {@code Vector} class implements a growable array of
12   * objects. Like an array, it contains components that can be
13   * accessed using an integer index. However, the size of a
14   * {@code Vector} can grow or shrink as needed to accommodate
15   * adding and removing items after the {@code Vector} has been created.
16   *
17   * <p>Each vector tries to optimize storage management by maintaining a
18   * {@code capacity} and a {@code capacityIncrement}. The
19   * {@code capacity} is always at least as large as the vector
20   * size; it is usually larger because as components are added to the
21   * vector, the vector's storage increases in chunks the size of
22   * {@code capacityIncrement}. An application can increase the
23   * capacity of a vector before inserting a large number of
24   * components; this reduces the amount of incremental reallocation.
25   *
26   * <p>The Iterators returned by Vector's iterator and listIterator
27   * methods are <em>fail-fast</em>: if the Vector is structurally modified
28   * at any time after the Iterator is created, in any way except through the
29   * Iterator's own remove or add methods, the Iterator will throw a
30   * ConcurrentModificationException.  Thus, in the face of concurrent
31   * modification, the Iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
32   * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
33   * The Enumerations returned by Vector's elements method are <em>not</em>
34   * fail-fast.
35   *
36   * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
37   * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
38   * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
39   * throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
40   * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
41   * exception for its correctness:  <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
42   * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
43   *
44   * <p>As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class was retrofitted to
45   * implement the {@link List} interface, making it a member of the
46   * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html"> Java
47   * Collections Framework</a>.  Unlike the new collection
48   * implementations, {@code Vector} is synchronized.
49   *
50   * @author  Lee Boynton
51   * @author  Jonathan Payne
52   * @version %I%, %G%
53   * @see Collection
54   * @see List
55   * @see ArrayList
56   * @see LinkedList
57   * @since   JDK1.0
58   */
59  public class Vector<E>
60      extends AbstractList<E>
61      implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
62  {
63      /**
64       * The array buffer into which the components of the vector are
65       * stored. The capacity of the vector is the length of this array buffer,
66       * and is at least large enough to contain all the vector's elements.
67       *
68       * <p>Any array elements following the last element in the Vector are null.
69       *
70       * @serial
71       */
72      protected Object[] elementData;
73  
74      /**
75       * The number of valid components in this {@code Vector} object.
76       * Components {@code elementData[0]} through
77       * {@code elementData[elementCount-1]} are the actual items.
78       *
79       * @serial
80       */
81      protected int elementCount;
82  
83      /**
84       * The amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically
85       * incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.  If
86       * the capacity increment is less than or equal to zero, the capacity
87       * of the vector is doubled each time it needs to grow.
88       *
89       * @serial
90       */
91      protected int capacityIncrement;
92  
93      /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
94      private static final long serialVersionUID = -2767605614048989439L;
95  
96      /**
97       * Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and
98       * capacity increment.
99       *
100      * @param   initialCapacity     the initial capacity of the vector
101      * @param   capacityIncrement   the amount by which the capacity is
102      *                              increased when the vector overflows
103      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
104      *         is negative
105      */
106     public Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement) {
107     super();
108         if (initialCapacity < 0)
109             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
110                                                initialCapacity);
111     this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
112     this.capacityIncrement = capacityIncrement;
113     }
114 
115     /**
116      * Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and
117      * with its capacity increment equal to zero.
118      *
119      * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the vector
120      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
121      *         is negative
122      */
123     public Vector(int initialCapacity) {
124     this(initialCapacity, 0);
125     }
126 
127     /**
128      * Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array
129      * has size {@code 10} and its standard capacity increment is
130      * zero.
131      */
132     public Vector() {
133     this(10);
134     }
135 
136     /**
137      * Constructs a vector containing the elements of the specified
138      * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
139      * iterator.
140      *
141      * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this
142      *       vector
143      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
144      * @since   1.2
145      */
146     public Vector(Collection<? extends E> c) {
147     elementData = c.toArray();
148     elementCount = elementData.length;
149     // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
150     if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
151         elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount, Object[].class);
152     }
153 
154     /**
155      * Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.
156      * The item at index {@code k} in this vector is copied into
157      * component {@code k} of {@code anArray}.
158      *
159      * @param  anArray the array into which the components get copied
160      * @throws NullPointerException if the given array is null
161      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified array is not
162      *         large enough to hold all the components of this vector
163      * @throws ArrayStoreException if a component of this vector is not of
164      *         a runtime type that can be stored in the specified array
165      * @see #toArray(Object[])
166      */
167     public synchronized void copyInto(Object[] anArray) {
168     System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, anArray, 0, elementCount);
169     }
170 
171     /**
172      * Trims the capacity of this vector to be the vector's current
173      * size. If the capacity of this vector is larger than its current
174      * size, then the capacity is changed to equal the size by replacing
175      * its internal data array, kept in the field {@code elementData},
176      * with a smaller one. An application can use this operation to
177      * minimize the storage of a vector.
178      */
179     public synchronized void trimToSize() {
180     modCount++;
181     int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
182     if (elementCount < oldCapacity) {
183             elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
184     }
185     }
186 
187     /**
188      * Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure
189      * that it can hold at least the number of components specified by
190      * the minimum capacity argument.
191      *
192      * <p>If the current capacity of this vector is less than
193      * {@code minCapacity}, then its capacity is increased by replacing its
194      * internal data array, kept in the field {@code elementData}, with a
195      * larger one.  The size of the new data array will be the old size plus
196      * {@code capacityIncrement}, unless the value of
197      * {@code capacityIncrement} is less than or equal to zero, in which case
198      * the new capacity will be twice the old capacity; but if this new size
199      * is still smaller than {@code minCapacity}, then the new capacity will
200      * be {@code minCapacity}.
201      *
202      * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
203      */
204     public synchronized void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
205     modCount++;
206     ensureCapacityHelper(minCapacity);
207     }
208 
209     /**
210      * This implements the unsynchronized semantics of ensureCapacity.
211      * Synchronized methods in this class can internally call this
212      * method for ensuring capacity without incurring the cost of an
213      * extra synchronization.
214      *
215      * @see #ensureCapacity(int)
216      */
217     private void ensureCapacityHelper(int minCapacity) {
218     int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
219     if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
220         Object[] oldData = elementData;
221         int newCapacity = (capacityIncrement > 0) ?
222         (oldCapacity + capacityIncrement) : (oldCapacity * 2);
223             if (newCapacity < minCapacity) {
224         newCapacity = minCapacity;
225         }
226             elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
227     }
228     }
229 
230     /**
231      * Sets the size of this vector. If the new size is greater than the
232      * current size, new {@code null} items are added to the end of
233      * the vector. If the new size is less than the current size, all
234      * components at index {@code newSize} and greater are discarded.
235      *
236      * @param  newSize   the new size of this vector
237      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the new size is negative
238      */
239     public synchronized void setSize(int newSize) {
240     modCount++;
241     if (newSize > elementCount) {
242         ensureCapacityHelper(newSize);
243     } else {
244         for (int i = newSize ; i < elementCount ; i++) {
245         elementData[i] = null;
246         }
247     }
248     elementCount = newSize;
249     }
250 
251     /**
252      * Returns the current capacity of this vector.
253      *
254      * @return  the current capacity (the length of its internal
255      *          data array, kept in the field {@code elementData}
256      *          of this vector)
257      */
258     public synchronized int capacity() {
259     return elementData.length;
260     }
261 
262     /**
263      * Returns the number of components in this vector.
264      *
265      * @return  the number of components in this vector
266      */
267     public synchronized int size() {
268     return elementCount;
269     }
270 
271     /**
272      * Tests if this vector has no components.
273      *
274      * @return  {@code true} if and only if this vector has
275      *          no components, that is, its size is zero;
276      *          {@code false} otherwise.
277      */
278     public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
279     return elementCount == 0;
280     }
281 
282     /**
283      * Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector. The
284      * returned {@code Enumeration} object will generate all items in
285      * this vector. The first item generated is the item at index {@code 0},
286      * then the item at index {@code 1}, and so on.
287      *
288      * @return  an enumeration of the components of this vector
289      * @see     Iterator
290      */
291     public Enumeration<E> elements() {
292     return new Enumeration<E>() {
293         int count = 0;
294 
295         public boolean hasMoreElements() {
296         return count < elementCount;
297         }
298 
299         public E nextElement() {
300         synchronized (Vector.this) {
301             if (count < elementCount) {
302             return (E)elementData[count++];
303             }
304         }
305         throw new NoSuchElementException("Vector Enumeration");
306         }
307     };
308     }
309 
310     /**
311      * Returns {@code true} if this vector contains the specified element.
312      * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this vector
313      * contains at least one element {@code e} such that
314      * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>.
315      *
316      * @param o element whose presence in this vector is to be tested
317      * @return {@code true} if this vector contains the specified element
318      */
319     public boolean contains(Object o) {
320     return indexOf(o, 0) >= 0;
321     }
322 
323     /**
324      * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
325      * in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
326      * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that
327      * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
328      * or -1 if there is no such index.
329      *
330      * @param o element to search for
331      * @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
332      *         this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element
333      */
334     public int indexOf(Object o) {
335     return indexOf(o, 0);
336     }
337 
338     /**
339      * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
340      * this vector, searching forwards from {@code index}, or returns -1 if
341      * the element is not found.
342      * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that
343      * <tt>(i&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;index&nbsp;&amp;&amp;&nbsp;(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i))))</tt>,
344      * or -1 if there is no such index.
345      *
346      * @param o element to search for
347      * @param index index to start searching from
348      * @return the index of the first occurrence of the element in
349      *         this vector at position {@code index} or later in the vector;
350      *         {@code -1} if the element is not found.
351      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is negative
352      * @see     Object#equals(Object)
353      */
354     public synchronized int indexOf(Object o, int index) {
355     if (o == null) {
356         for (int i = index ; i < elementCount ; i++)
357         if (elementData[i]==null)
358             return i;
359     } else {
360         for (int i = index ; i < elementCount ; i++)
361         if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
362             return i;
363     }
364     return -1;
365     }
366 
367     /**
368      * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
369      * in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
370      * More formally, returns the highest index {@code i} such that
371      * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
372      * or -1 if there is no such index.
373      *
374      * @param o element to search for
375      * @return the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in
376      *         this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element
377      */
378     public synchronized int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
379     return lastIndexOf(o, elementCount-1);
380     }
381 
382     /**
383      * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in
384      * this vector, searching backwards from {@code index}, or returns -1 if
385      * the element is not found.
386      * More formally, returns the highest index {@code i} such that
387      * <tt>(i&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;index&nbsp;&amp;&amp;&nbsp;(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i))))</tt>,
388      * or -1 if there is no such index.
389      *
390      * @param o element to search for
391      * @param index index to start searching backwards from
392      * @return the index of the last occurrence of the element at position
393      *         less than or equal to {@code index} in this vector;
394      *         -1 if the element is not found.
395      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is greater
396      *         than or equal to the current size of this vector
397      */
398     public synchronized int lastIndexOf(Object o, int index) {
399         if (index >= elementCount)
400             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " >= "+ elementCount);
401 
402     if (o == null) {
403         for (int i = index; i >= 0; i--)
404         if (elementData[i]==null)
405             return i;
406     } else {
407         for (int i = index; i >= 0; i--)
408         if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
409             return i;
410     }
411     return -1;
412     }
413 
414     /**
415      * Returns the component at the specified index.
416      *
417      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the {@link #get(int)}
418      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).
419      *
420      * @param      index   an index into this vector
421      * @return     the component at the specified index
422      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
423      *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
424      */
425     public synchronized E elementAt(int index) {
426     if (index >= elementCount) {
427         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " >= " + elementCount);
428     }
429 
430         return (E)elementData[index];
431     }
432 
433     /**
434      * Returns the first component (the item at index {@code 0}) of
435      * this vector.
436      *
437      * @return     the first component of this vector
438      * @throws NoSuchElementException if this vector has no components
439      */
440     public synchronized E firstElement() {
441     if (elementCount == 0) {
442         throw new NoSuchElementException();
443     }
444     return (E)elementData[0];
445     }
446 
447     /**
448      * Returns the last component of the vector.
449      *
450      * @return  the last component of the vector, i.e., the component at index
451      *          <code>size()&nbsp;-&nbsp;1</code>.
452      * @throws NoSuchElementException if this vector is empty
453      */
454     public synchronized E lastElement() {
455     if (elementCount == 0) {
456         throw new NoSuchElementException();
457     }
458     return (E)elementData[elementCount - 1];
459     }
460 
461     /**
462      * Sets the component at the specified {@code index} of this
463      * vector to be the specified object. The previous component at that
464      * position is discarded.
465      *
466      * <p>The index must be a value greater than or equal to {@code 0}
467      * and less than the current size of the vector.
468      *
469      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the
470      * {@link #set(int, Object) set(int, E)}
471      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface). Note that the
472      * {@code set} method reverses the order of the parameters, to more closely
473      * match array usage.  Note also that the {@code set} method returns the
474      * old value that was stored at the specified position.
475      *
476      * @param      obj     what the component is to be set to
477      * @param      index   the specified index
478      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
479      *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
480      */
481     public synchronized void setElementAt(E obj, int index) {
482     if (index >= elementCount) {
483         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " >= " +
484                              elementCount);
485     }
486     elementData[index] = obj;
487     }
488 
489     /**
490      * Deletes the component at the specified index. Each component in
491      * this vector with an index greater or equal to the specified
492      * {@code index} is shifted downward to have an index one
493      * smaller than the value it had previously. The size of this vector
494      * is decreased by {@code 1}.
495      *
496      * <p>The index must be a value greater than or equal to {@code 0}
497      * and less than the current size of the vector. 
498      *
499      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the {@link #remove(int)}
500      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).  Note that the
501      * {@code remove} method returns the old value that was stored at the
502      * specified position.
503      *
504      * @param      index   the index of the object to remove
505      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
506      *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
507      */
508     public synchronized void removeElementAt(int index) {
509     modCount++;
510     if (index >= elementCount) {
511         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " >= " +
512                              elementCount);
513     }
514     else if (index < 0) {
515         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
516     }
517     int j = elementCount - index - 1;
518     if (j > 0) {
519         System.arraycopy(elementData, index + 1, elementData, index, j);
520     }
521     elementCount--;
522     elementData[elementCount] = null; /* to let gc do its work */
523     }
524 
525     /**
526      * Inserts the specified object as a component in this vector at the
527      * specified {@code index}. Each component in this vector with
528      * an index greater or equal to the specified {@code index} is
529      * shifted upward to have an index one greater than the value it had
530      * previously.
531      *
532      * <p>The index must be a value greater than or equal to {@code 0}
533      * and less than or equal to the current size of the vector. (If the
534      * index is equal to the current size of the vector, the new element
535      * is appended to the Vector.)
536      *
537      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the
538      * {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)}
539      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).  Note that the
540      * {@code add} method reverses the order of the parameters, to more closely
541      * match array usage.
542      *
543      * @param      obj     the component to insert
544      * @param      index   where to insert the new component
545      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
546      *         ({@code index < 0 || index > size()})
547      */
548     public synchronized void insertElementAt(E obj, int index) {
549     modCount++;
550     if (index > elementCount) {
551         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index
552                              + " > " + elementCount);
553     }
554     ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
555     System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, elementCount - index);
556     elementData[index] = obj;
557     elementCount++;
558     }
559 
560     /**
561      * Adds the specified component to the end of this vector,
562      * increasing its size by one. The capacity of this vector is
563      * increased if its size becomes greater than its capacity.
564      *
565      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the
566      * {@link #add(Object) add(E)}
567      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).
568      *
569      * @param   obj   the component to be added
570      */
571     public synchronized void addElement(E obj) {
572     modCount++;
573     ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
574     elementData[elementCount++] = obj;
575     }
576 
577     /**
578      * Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument
579      * from this vector. If the object is found in this vector, each
580      * component in the vector with an index greater or equal to the
581      * object's index is shifted downward to have an index one smaller
582      * than the value it had previously.
583      *
584      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the
585      * {@link #remove(Object)} method (which is part of the
586      * {@link List} interface).
587      *
588      * @param   obj   the component to be removed
589      * @return  {@code true} if the argument was a component of this
590      *          vector; {@code false} otherwise.
591      */
592     public synchronized boolean removeElement(Object obj) {
593     modCount++;
594     int i = indexOf(obj);
595     if (i >= 0) {
596         removeElementAt(i);
597         return true;
598     }
599     return false;
600     }
601 
602     /**
603      * Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.
604      *
605      * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the {@link #clear}
606      * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).
607      */
608     public synchronized void removeAllElements() {
609         modCount++;
610     // Let gc do its work
611     for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++)
612         elementData[i] = null;
613 
614     elementCount = 0;
615     }
616 
617     /**
618      * Returns a clone of this vector. The copy will contain a
619      * reference to a clone of the internal data array, not a reference
620      * to the original internal data array of this {@code Vector} object.
621      *
622      * @return  a clone of this vector
623      */
624     public synchronized Object clone() {
625     try {
626         Vector<E> v = (Vector<E>) super.clone();
627         v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
628         v.modCount = 0;
629         return v;
630     } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
631         // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
632         throw new InternalError();
633     }
634     }
635 
636     /**
637      * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector
638      * in the correct order.
639      *
640      * @since 1.2
641      */
642     public synchronized Object[] toArray() {
643         return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
644     }
645 
646     /**
647      * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the
648      * correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the
649      * specified array.  If the Vector fits in the specified array, it is
650      * returned therein.  Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime
651      * type of the specified array and the size of this Vector.
652      *
653      * <p>If the Vector fits in the specified array with room to spare
654      * (i.e., the array has more elements than the Vector),
655      * the element in the array immediately following the end of the
656      * Vector is set to null.  (This is useful in determining the length
657      * of the Vector <em>only</em> if the caller knows that the Vector
658      * does not contain any null elements.)
659      *
660      * @param a the array into which the elements of the Vector are to
661      *      be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
662      *      same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
663      * @return an array containing the elements of the Vector
664      * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of a is not a supertype
665      * of the runtime type of every element in this Vector
666      * @throws NullPointerException if the given array is null
667      * @since 1.2
668      */
669     public synchronized <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
670         if (a.length < elementCount)
671             return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount, a.getClass());
672 
673     System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, elementCount);
674 
675         if (a.length > elementCount)
676             a[elementCount] = null;
677 
678         return a;
679     }
680 
681     // Positional Access Operations
682 
683     /**
684      * Returns the element at the specified position in this Vector.
685      *
686      * @param index index of the element to return
687      * @return object at the specified index
688      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
689      *            ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
690      * @since 1.2
691      */
692     public synchronized E get(int index) {
693     if (index >= elementCount)
694         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
695 
696     return (E)elementData[index];
697     }
698 
699     /**
700      * Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the
701      * specified element.
702      *
703      * @param index index of the element to replace
704      * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
705      * @return the element previously at the specified position
706      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
707      *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
708      * @since 1.2
709      */
710     public synchronized E set(int index, E element) {
711     if (index >= elementCount)
712         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
713 
714     Object oldValue = elementData[index];
715     elementData[index] = element;
716     return (E)oldValue;
717     }
718 
719     /**
720      * Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
721      *
722      * @param e element to be appended to this Vector
723      * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
724      * @since 1.2
725      */
726     public synchronized boolean add(E e) {
727     modCount++;
728     ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
729     elementData[elementCount++] = e;
730         return true;
731     }
732 
733     /**
734      * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this Vector
735      * If the Vector does not contain the element, it is unchanged.  More
736      * formally, removes the element with the lowest index i such that
737      * {@code (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))} (if such
738      * an element exists).
739      *
740      * @param o element to be removed from this Vector, if present
741      * @return true if the Vector contained the specified element
742      * @since 1.2
743      */
744     public boolean remove(Object o) {
745         return removeElement(o);
746     }
747 
748     /**
749      * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this Vector.
750      * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
751      * subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
752      *
753      * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
754      * @param element element to be inserted
755      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
756      *         ({@code index < 0 || index > size()})
757      * @since 1.2
758      */
759     public void add(int index, E element) {
760         insertElementAt(element, index);
761     }
762 
763     /**
764      * Removes the element at the specified position in this Vector.
765      * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
766      * indices).  Returns the element that was removed from the Vector.
767      *
768      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
769      *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
770      * @param index the index of the element to be removed
771      * @return element that was removed
772      * @since 1.2
773      */
774     public synchronized E remove(int index) {
775     modCount++;
776     if (index >= elementCount)
777         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
778     Object oldValue = elementData[index];
779 
780     int numMoved = elementCount - index - 1;
781     if (numMoved > 0)
782         System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
783                  numMoved);
784     elementData[--elementCount] = null; // Let gc do its work
785 
786     return (E)oldValue;
787     }
788 
789     /**
790      * Removes all of the elements from this Vector.  The Vector will
791      * be empty after this call returns (unless it throws an exception).
792      *
793      * @since 1.2
794      */
795     public void clear() {
796         removeAllElements();
797     }
798 
799     // Bulk Operations
800 
801     /**
802      * Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the
803      * specified Collection.
804      *
805      * @param   c a collection whose elements will be tested for containment
806      *          in this Vector
807      * @return true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the
808      *         specified collection
809      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
810      */
811     public synchronized boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
812         return super.containsAll(c);
813     }
814 
815     /**
816      * Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of
817      * this Vector, in the order that they are returned by the specified
818      * Collection's Iterator.  The behavior of this operation is undefined if
819      * the specified Collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
820      * (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the
821      * specified Collection is this Vector, and this Vector is nonempty.)
822      *
823      * @param c elements to be inserted into this Vector
824      * @return {@code true} if this Vector changed as a result of the call
825      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
826      * @since 1.2
827      */
828     public synchronized boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
829     modCount++;
830         Object[] a = c.toArray();
831         int numNew = a.length;
832     ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + numNew);
833         System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, elementCount, numNew);
834         elementCount += numNew;
835     return numNew != 0;
836     }
837 
838     /**
839      * Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the
840      * specified Collection.
841      *
842      * @param c a collection of elements to be removed from the Vector
843      * @return true if this Vector changed as a result of the call
844      * @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements
845      *         in this vector are incompatible with the specified
846      *         collection (optional)
847      * @throws NullPointerException if this vector contains one or more null
848      *         elements and the specified collection does not support null
849      *         elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
850      * @since 1.2
851      */
852     public synchronized boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
853         return super.removeAll(c);
854     }
855 
856     /**
857      * Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the
858      * specified Collection.  In other words, removes from this Vector all
859      * of its elements that are not contained in the specified Collection.
860      *
861      * @param c a collection of elements to be retained in this Vector
862      *          (all other elements are removed)
863      * @return true if this Vector changed as a result of the call
864      * @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements
865      *         in this vector are incompatible with the specified
866      *         collection (optional)
867      * @throws NullPointerException if this vector contains one or more null
868      *         elements and the specified collection does not support null
869      *         elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
870      * @since 1.2
871      */
872     public synchronized boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)  {
873         return super.retainAll(c);
874     }
875 
876     /**
877      * Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this
878      * Vector at the specified position.  Shifts the element currently at
879      * that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right
880      * (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear in the Vector
881      * in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's
882      * iterator.
883      *
884      * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
885      *              specified collection
886      * @param c elements to be inserted into this Vector
887      * @return {@code true} if this Vector changed as a result of the call
888      * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
889      *         ({@code index < 0 || index > size()})
890      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
891      * @since 1.2
892      */
893     public synchronized boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
894     modCount++;
895     if (index < 0 || index > elementCount)
896         throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
897 
898         Object[] a = c.toArray();
899     int numNew = a.length;
900     ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + numNew);
901 
902     int numMoved = elementCount - index;
903     if (numMoved > 0)
904         System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
905                  numMoved);
906 
907         System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
908     elementCount += numNew;
909     return numNew != 0;
910     }
911 
912     /**
913      * Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality.  Returns
914      * true if and only if the specified Object is also a List, both Lists
915      * have the same size, and all corresponding pairs of elements in the two
916      * Lists are <em>equal</em>.  (Two elements {@code e1} and
917      * {@code e2} are <em>equal</em> if {@code (e1==null ? e2==null :
918      * e1.equals(e2))}.)  In other words, two Lists are defined to be
919      * equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.
920      *
921      * @param o the Object to be compared for equality with this Vector
922      * @return true if the specified Object is equal to this Vector
923      */
924     public synchronized boolean equals(Object o) {
925         return super.equals(o);
926     }
927 
928     /**
929      * Returns the hash code value for this Vector.
930      */
931     public synchronized int hashCode() {
932         return super.hashCode();
933     }
934 
935     /**
936      * Returns a string representation of this Vector, containing
937      * the String representation of each element.
938      */
939     public synchronized String toString() {
940         return super.toString();
941     }
942 
943     /**
944      * Returns a view of the portion of this List between fromIndex,
945      * inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.  (If fromIndex and toIndex are
946      * equal, the returned List is empty.)  The returned List is backed by this
947      * List, so changes in the returned List are reflected in this List, and
948      * vice-versa.  The returned List supports all of the optional List
949      * operations supported by this List.
950      *
951      * <p>This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of
952      * the sort that commonly exist for arrays).   Any operation that expects
953      * a List can be used as a range operation by operating on a subList view
954      * instead of a whole List.  For example, the following idiom
955      * removes a range of elements from a List:
956      * <pre>
957      *      list.subList(from, to).clear();
958      * </pre>
959      * Similar idioms may be constructed for indexOf and lastIndexOf,
960      * and all of the algorithms in the Collections class can be applied to
961      * a subList.
962      *
963      * <p>The semantics of the List returned by this method become undefined if
964      * the backing list (i.e., this List) is <i>structurally modified</i> in
965      * any way other than via the returned List.  (Structural modifications are
966      * those that change the size of the List, or otherwise perturb it in such
967      * a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)
968      *
969      * @param fromIndex low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList
970      * @param toIndex high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList
971      * @return a view of the specified range within this List
972      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if an endpoint index value is out of range
973      *         {@code (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size)}
974      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the endpoint indices are out of order
975      *         {@code (fromIndex > toIndex)}
976      */
977     public synchronized List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
978         return Collections.synchronizedList(super.subList(fromIndex, toIndex),
979                                             this);
980     }
981 
982     /**
983      * Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is between
984      * fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive.  Shifts any succeeding
985      * elements to the left (reduces their index).
986      * This call shortens the ArrayList by (toIndex - fromIndex) elements.  (If
987      * toIndex==fromIndex, this operation has no effect.)
988      *
989      * @param fromIndex index of first element to be removed
990      * @param toIndex index after last element to be removed
991      */
992     protected synchronized void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
993     modCount++;
994     int numMoved = elementCount - toIndex;
995         System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
996                          numMoved);
997 
998     // Let gc do its work
999     int newElementCount = elementCount - (toIndex-fromIndex);
1000    while (elementCount != newElementCount)
1001        elementData[--elementCount] = null;
1002    }
1003
1004    /**
1005     * Save the state of the {@code Vector} instance to a stream (that
1006     * is, serialize it).  This method is present merely for synchronization.
1007     * It just calls the default writeObject method.
1008     */
1009    private synchronized void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
1010        throws java.io.IOException
1011    {
1012    s.defaultWriteObject();
1013    }
1014}
1015